“调休”的字面意思就是“调换休息时间”，特指“原定休假的时间不休息而调换到另外的时间再休息”，那么在英文中就可翻译为change one's shift to get leave later。
tourists walk near the palma de mallorca cathedral, as the easing of covid-19 restrictions and increase of tourism is quickly filling the streets in mallorca, spain, june 17, 2021. reuters/enrique calvo
“短假”英语怎么说？
“短期休假”是指历时很短的假期，一般就是指两三天的短假，在英文中就可用mini-break来表示。
例句：
winners of the competition will win a three-night mini-break in paris.
比赛的获胜者将获得在巴黎为期三晚的短期休假。
my three-day winter mini-break began on friday with an evening flight from heathrow.
我为期三天的冬季短假自周五晚上从希思罗机场起飞开始。
“请假”英语怎么说？
ask for/ request a leave
leave在这里不是“离开”的意思，而是指“休假”。如果请假不止一天，还可以说ask for two days' leave指“请两天的假”。
例句：
i have to ask for a leave tomorrow morning.
我明天上午得请假了。
“假条”我们可以说：leave of absence letter。
call in sick
sick作形容词有“恶心的；生病的”等意思，如果你病得难受想请假，那么可以用call in sick这个短语，它在《麦克米伦高阶英汉双解词典》中的英文释义是：to phone someone at the place where you work to tell them you are too ill to work，表示“打电话（到单位）请病假”。
例句：
i don't feel well this morning. perhaps i ought to call in sick.
我今天早上感觉不太舒服，或许我该打电话请个假了。
pull/ throw a sickie
还有一种叫做装病请假。sickie在俚语里指“病假”，但是throw/ pull a sickie意思则是“装病请假”。虽然今天学会了怎么说，但是可不提倡大家这么做啊！
例句：
he pulled/threw a sickie to go to the football game.
他装病请假看球赛去了。
i just didn't feel like work so i threw a sickie.
我只是不想工作，所以请了病假。
（来源：外研社unipus公众号、译世界）